Test Methods and Specifications for Geosynthetics/Erosion Control Products
Test Methods and Specifications for Geosynthetics/Erosion Control Products
Test Methods and Specifications for Geosynthetics/Erosion Control Products
This page will provide a summary of each standard test method used for testing erosion and sediment control products. The test methods included in this page are published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the American Association of State Highway and Transporation Officials (AASHTO). ASTM maintains a search tool called ASTM Compass, where all the standard test methods published by ASTM can be found. If you would like to read test methods in detail, please click on the bellow button for the ASTM Compass. After entering ASTM Compass, you will be able to find the test methods by searching with there numbers.
Test Methods and Specifications for Geosynthetics/Erosion Control Products
Test Methods and Specifications for Hydraulic Erosion Control Products
Test Methods and Specifications for Sediment Retention Devices
Standard Specification for Metallic-Coated, Steel-Woven Wire Fence Fabric (ASTM A116)
ASTM A116 specifies metallic-coated, woven steel woven wire fence fabric that is used for various fencing purposes (railroad right-of-way, highway, farm fencing). This document includes multiple fence fabric designs, tensile strength grades, and metallic coating types and grades. This document specifies general requirements (construction, horizontal wires, splices, stay wires, and fence fabric length breaking strength), permissible variations in dimensions (wire diameter, out-of-roundness, fabric height, stay wire spacing, horizontal wire spacing, fence fabric length), sampling and testing (sampling, testing for weight of coating, tests for breaking strength, pretesting of wire inspection for general workmanship), retests and rejection, certification, and packaging and package marking.
Standard Test Method for Thickness of Textile Materials (ASTM D1777)
ASTM D1777 is a standard test method for measuring the thickness of most textile materials (woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics). This test method is applied to fabrics that may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. The equipment required for this test method is a thickness gauge with an optional microprocessor data gathering system; spring force or compression test apparatus; and cutting dies or templates. The test should be conducted in standard atmospheric conditions. Specimens should be handled carefully to keep them in their natural shape. Each sample should be placed on the anvil of gauge, and then gradual pressure should be applied with presser foot. The thickness can be directly measured from thickness gauge or data collection system. Average thickness and coefficient of variation should be calculated with obtained data.
Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method (ASTM D1907)
ASTM D 1907 is a standard test method for determining linear density of all yarn types in package form. This test method is applicable for the yarns that stretch less than 5% when tension is between 0.008 to 0.026 ozf/tex (0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex), or for yarns that are finer than 2000 tex. Equipment and reagents required are reels, weighing balance, drying oven, facilities for scouring, weighing cans, and auxiliary facilities. Linear density of yarn is calculated from the mass and length of the skein. Another way to calculate linear density is to weigh the yarn after scouring and based on selected option, mass of the skein is observed after oven drying or air conditioning. The results that need to be reported are average yarn linear density, coefficient of variation of yarn linear density, perimeter of the used reel, length of test skeins, method used to find the linear density, and number of tested specimens.
Standard Test Method for End (Wrap) and Pick (Filling) Count of Woven Fabrics (ASTM D3775)
ASTM D 3775 is a standard test method that specifies measuring end (warp) and pick (filling) count. This test method applies to all kinds of woven fabrics. The required equipment includes pick glass, rule and pointer, microfilm reader or projection equipment, and a scale. This test should be conducted in low moisture recovery and standard atmosphere conditions such as 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. The total number of end and picks per unit distance are counted with relative magnifying glasses and counting devices, or by untangling yarn from fabrics. The average number of ends and picks per inch (cm) is computed to the nearest yarn count. The distance where each count is taken and the total yarns at each place should be noted.
Standard Test Methods for Mass Per per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric (ASTM D3776/ D3776M)
ASTM D 3776 is a standard test method used to find the weight (mass per unit area) of most fabrics. This test method has four approved options in finding the mass per unit area of fabrics. They are option A (full piece, roll, bolt or cut), option B (full-width sample), option C (small swatch of fabric), and option D (narrow fabrics). The equipment required includes scale and balance with a sensitivity to weigh within ±0.1% of the mass of specimens being tested and cutting die that can be square or round with a minimum area of 2 in2 (13cm2). This test should be conducted in standard atmospheric conditions (70 ± 4 °F [21 ± 2 °C] and 65 ± 5% relative humidity). Fabric mass is to be noted to three significant figures. Fabric width needs to be mentioned if the mass is reported in mass per linear yard (meter). It is necessary to mention if the fabric weight contains or does not contain selvages.
Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics – Diaphragm Bursting Strength Test Method (ASTM D3786/D3786M)
ASTM D3786 standard test method used to measure the resistance of textile fabrics to bursting. This test method is suitable for different kinds of textile products, stretch, and woven industrial fabrics. The equipment required is an inflated diaphragm bursting tester. The sample is clamped to an expandable diaphragm. The diaphragm should be enlarged by fluid pressure to the point where the specimen bursts. The difference between the total pressure required to burst the specimen and inflate specimen can be recorded as the bursting strength. The bursting strengths of each specimen and their average in psi (kPa) should be reported. If the fabric did not burst, it should be stated that the maximum bursting pressure of the instrument and the sample did not burst at the maximum pressure. Also, the type of bursting tester used should be mentioned.
Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textiles: Constant-Rate-of- Traverse (CRT) Ball Burst Test (ASTM D3787)
ASTM D 3787 test method is used to measure the bursting strength of textiles or garments that show a high degree of ultimate elongation. The equipment includes Constant-Rate-of-Traverse (CRT) tensile testing machine, and Ball-Burst Attachment. The specimens tested can be either in the shape of a circle (5 in. [125mm] in diameter) or square (5 in. [125mm]). The specimen is fastened without tension between grooved, circular plates of the ball burst attachment that is fixed to the movable pulling jaw of the Constant Rate of Traverse (CRT) testing machine (12 ± 0.5 in./min [305 ± 13mm/min]). The force is applied on the specimen by a polished, hardened steel ball that is attached to the fixed pendulum actuating clamp of the CRT machine, until the specimen bursts. The average bursting force should be calculated to the nearest 0.1lb (0.5 N). The bursting strength of each specimen and average bursting strength of five specimens to the nearest 0.1lbf (0.5N) should be reported.
Standard Practice for Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus Exposure of Plastics (ASTM D4329)
ASTM D 4329 is a standard practice used to measure the retention capacity of plastics to UV light exposure. This method uses a fluorescent UV apparatus that consists of corrosion resistant testing chamber, light source, devices that control temperature and relative humidity, radiometer, thermometer, and water spray. The test should be conducted in an area where the temperature is between 65°F to 85°F (18°C to 27°C) and a minimum of 300mm from walls or other equipment. The room should be ventilated to let away the heat and moisture. The specimens are fixed to racks inside the equipment, and if specimens do not fill all the racks, empty racks should be filled with blank panels. The testing device should be programmed into three test cycles. Between cycles, specimens should be repositioned horizontally and vertically to minimize the effects of temperature and UV light variation. Total exposure time, type of light and dark-water condensation or spray cycle used, operating black panel temperature, total solids, and silica gel used in the water spray should be documented. Unless measured directly during exposure, irradiance or radiant exposure do not need to be reported. Specimen repositioning to guarantee equal exposure time should be included. Overall, the retention of UV exposure should be calculated according to ASTM D 5870 practice.
Standard Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing (ASTM D4354)
ASTM D 4329 is a standard practice used to measure the retention capacity of plastics to UV light exposure. This method uses a fluorescent UV apparatus that consists of corrosion resistant testing chamber, light source, devices that control temperature and relative humidity, radiometer, thermometer, and water spray. The test should be conducted in an area where the temperature is between 65°F to 85°F (18°C to 27°C) and a minimum of 300mm from walls or other equipment. The room should be ventilated to let away the heat and moisture. The specimens are fixed to racks inside the equipment, and if specimens do not fill all the racks, empty racks should be filled with blank panels. The testing device should be programmed into three test cycles. Between cycles, specimens should be repositioned horizontally and vertically to minimize the effects of temperature and UV light variation. Total exposure time, type of light and dark-water condensation or spray cycle used, operating black panel temperature, total solids, and silica gel used in the water spray should be documented. Unless measured directly during exposure, irradiance or radiant exposure do not need to be reported. Specimen repositioning to guarantee equal exposure time should be included. Overall, the retention of UV exposure should be calculated according to ASTM D 5870 practice.
Standard Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture, and Heat in a Xenon Arc-Type Apparatus (ASTM D 4355/4355M)
ASTM D4355 is a standard test method to find the decline in tensile strength of geotextiles from exposure to xenon arc radiation, moisture, and heat. The equipment required includes a xenon arc apparatus and strength testing device. The specimens of geotextile should be exposed in the xenon arc device for 0, 150, 300 and 500 hours in the machine direction and cross-section direction. Each exposure cycle consists of 120-minute cycles with 90 minutes of only light at 149 ± 37.4°F (65 ± 3°C) uninsulated black panel temperature and 50 ± 10% relative humidity, and light and water spray for the remaining 30 minutes. After each exposure period, the specimens are required to undergo a cut or ravel strip tensile test. The average breaking strength of the geotextile in each direction should be compared with the average breaking strength in each direction of the control specimens. The degradation curve should be plotted with the percentage of retained strength versus the exposure period
Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity (ASTM D4491/D4491M)
ASTM D 4491 is a test method for determining the uncompressed hydraulic conductivity (water permittivity) of geotextiles. The hydraulic conductivity property indicates the amount of water that can pass through a geotextile. In this test method, three kinds of test procedures were described: constant head, falling head, and air flow. The constant head and falling head methods require a water flow apparatus consisting of a manometer to measure the head loss. The air flow method requires an airflow apparatus that contains a clean gas pressure source and pressure sensor. In the constant head test method, a constant head of 1.9 in (50 mm) of water is maintained on the geotextile. Values of time (t) and quantity of flow (Q) readings are recorded from the discharge pipe. This test method is preferable to the falling head test method when the flow rate of water through the geotextile is high, since the head change readings versus time are difficult to record. In the falling head method, a column of water is allowed to pass through the geotextile. Readings of head changes versus time are obtained. To record precise readings, the flow rate passing through the geotextile must be low. The technician who performs the test should decide which test method (constant or falling head) to use. In the airflow test method, the geotextile specimen is exposed to increasing flow rate, and flow rate and pressure should be recorded. Two data points are recorded when the pressure reaches 250 and 500 pascals; these data points are used to calculate the characteristic flow equation. Specimens used and description of material sampled for the test, the test method used, and the temperature of test water should be reported. The permittivity of the individual specimen, average permittivity, and standard deviation and coefficient of variation should be calculated.
Standard Test Method for Trapezoid Tearing Strength of Geotextiles (ASTM D4533/D4533M)
ASTM D4533 is an index text method to measure the strength needed to promulgate a tear in geotextiles using the trapezoid method. This test method is applicable for woven, nonwoven, layered, and knitted geotextiles. The equipment includes a tensile testing machine, clamps, and trapezoidal template. This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. An isosceles trapezoidal shape should be drawn on a rectangular specimen cut. The nonparallel sides of the trapezoid-marked specimen should be fixed to the jaws of the testing machine. The separation between the jaws is gradually increased to develop a tear across the specimen. Simultaneously, the force is recorded, and the tearing strength (the maximum value of tearing force) can be deduced from autographic force versus extension curve.
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Strip Method (ASTM D4595)
ASTM D 4595 is a test method to measure tensile properties of geotextiles using the wide-width strip specimen tensile method. This test method includes measuring tensile strength and elongation; and calculating initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness of geotextiles. This test method is applicable for woven, nonwoven, layered, knitted and felt geotextiles. The equipment and reagents include CRE tensile testing machine, clamps, external extensometers, an area measuring device, distilled water, and nonionic wetting agent. This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. The width of the specimen is fixed to the clamps of the CRE tensile testing machine. The machine requires a specified extension rate that applies a longitudinal force to rupture the specimen. Force observed at the rupturing point needs to be recorded. Tensile strength of specimens can be calculated from maximum force per unit width that creates a rupture to the specimen. Elongation of specimens should be reported in terms of percentage increase in length. Average breaking force per unit width in lbf/in.(N/m) and average elongation in percent should be reported. If requested, average initial and secant modulus, average breaking toughness, and force-elongation curve should be included.
Standard Test Method for Grab Breaking Load and Elongation of Geotextiles (ASTM D4632/4632M)
.ASTM D4632 is an index test method to measure the breaking load and elongation using the grab method in both wet and dry conditions. This test method does not apply to knitted geotextiles. The equipment includes tensile testing machine and clamps. This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. A constant load is applied longitudinally on to the specimen until rupture occurs. Breaking load and elongation values are recorded from the test machines. Breaking load and apparent elongation values are deduced separately for the machine direction and cross-section direction specimens. In the results, average grab breaking load and average grab percent elongation of specimens in each direction, number of specimens used in each direction, condition of the specimen, and type of testing machine should be reported.
Standard Test Methods for Determining Apparent Opening Size of a Geotextile (ASTM D4751)
ASTM D4751specifies test methods to measure the apparent opening size (AOS) of a geotextile. The test methods are by dry sieving glass beads through a geotextile (method A) and using a capillary porometer (method B). The equipment includes mechanical sieve shaker, pan, cover, 8-inch (200mm) diameter sieves, spherical glass beads, and balance. In method A, a geotextile specimen is positioned into a sieve frame, and sized glass beads are put on the geotextile surface. The geotextile and frame are shaken sideways to obtain the jarring motion which causes the beads to pass through the specimen. This process can be redone with different glass beads until the AOS is found. In method B, the air flow rate and pressure are calculated. This process is repeated by increasing air pressure with the same geotextile specimen dampened with mineral oil. The AOS is determined with collected data by using standard capillary theory.
Standard Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products (ASTM D4833/D4833M)
ASTM D4833 is a test method to measure the index puncture resistance of geomembranes. This test method does not apply to geotextiles that have large openings. The equipment for the test method includes tensile/compression testing machine (CRE type), ring clamp attachment, and solid steel rod. This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. The test specimen is fixed without tension between circular plates of a ring clamp attachment. Next, the ring clamp attachment is placed inside the tensile testing machine. The force is applied to the center of the unsupported area of the specimen by a solid steel rod that is attached to the load indicator until puncture. The method of clamping the specimen should be mentioned in the report. The recorded maximum force is considered as the value of puncture resistance of the specimen. Average puncture resistance, coefficient of variation, and standard deviation of specimens should be reported.
Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method) (ASTM D5035)
ASTM D5035 is a test method to determine breaking force and elongation of most textile fabrics by raveled strip and cut strip test procedures. The ravel strip test is appropriate for nonwoven fabrics, whereas the cut strip test is suitable for nonwoven fabrics, felted fabrics, and dipped or coated fabrics. This test method is not suitable for knitted fabrics or fabrics that have more than 11% stretch. The equipment, reagent, and materials include tensile testing machine (CRE, CRL or CRT type), clamps and jaw face, metal clamp, distilled water and nonionic wetting agent for wet testing, a container for wetting specimens, standard fabrics for verifying apparatus, and pins. A test specimen is fixed in a tensile testing machine, and a force is applied until the specimen breaks. The breaking force and elongation values of the test specimen are noted from machine scales, dials, autographic recording charts, or a computer that is connected to the testing machine. In conditional testing, if the samples have a higher moisture content compared to moisture content at equilibrium, then the moisture of the sample should be reduced to equilibrium moisture. The specimens to be tested in wet testing should be rigorously submerged into the water at room temperature before the testing. After taking the specimens out from water, the specimen testing is to be completed in two minutes. Average breaking force and average apparent elongation of acceptable specimens for each test condition and strip test should be reported.
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics (ASTM D5199)
ASTM D5199 is a test method to measure the nominal thickness of geosynthetics except textured and some structured geomembranes. This test method cannot give thickness for geosynthetics that are under variable normal compressive stresses or determine minimal thickness. The equipment for this test method includes a thickness testing instrument. The nominal thickness in this test method can be obtained by measuring the distance between two parallel surfaces keeping the specimen under a specified pressure for 5 seconds. Three test procedures are included: Procedure A is for geotextiles, planar geocomposite drainage materials, and geonets; Procedure B is for all kinds of geomembranes except textured or structured geomembranes; and Procedure C is for the materials that cannot be tested with procedures A and B. Description of thickness apparatus, specimen dimensions, procedure used, diameter of the presser foot, applied pressure, and average nominal thickness needs to be reported.
Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles (ASTM D5261)
ASTM D5261 is a test method for determining the mass per unit area of all geotextiles. The equipment includes a weighing balance with 176 oz. (5000g) capacity and an accuracy of 0.0003 oz. (0.01g). The specimens need to be cut from multiple locations of the geotextile sample. The dimensions of each specimen should be recorded. The mass per unit area of the specimens is measured by weighing specimens on a balance.
Standard Test Method for Determination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP) Performance in Protecting Hillslopes from Rainfall-Induced Erosion (ASTM D6459)
ASTM D6459 is a test method that describes the guidelines, requirements and test procedures of RECPs to secure hillslopes from the erosion caused by rainfall. This test method covers full-scale testing procedures and is designed for typical conditions observed at construction project sites during the ending period of earthwork activities and before applying vegetation. Therefore, this test method is confined to vegetated conditions and gives a relative assessment of an RECP application to bare soil conditions under controlled and documented environmental conditions. The equipment for this test method includes rainfall simulators, water source, runoff and sediment collection system, vegetative stand quantification equipment, and other miscellaneous items such as rain gauges (20), pie pans (3), sieve set (standard US sieves), evaporating dishes, a drying oven or microwave oven, meteorological equipment (wind speed, temperature, precipitation), a surveyor’s rod, sample bottles and bags, cooler, and camera or video recorder. The performance of RECPs in reducing rainfall-induced erosion is deduced by exposing RECPs to rainfall simulation in controlled and documented conditions. The key components to be reported in this testing process are rainfall simulation equipment calibration, test slot preparation, RECP documentation and installation, test performance, runoff and related sediment yield data, and data analysis.
Standard Test Method for Determination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion (ASTM D6460)
ASTM D6460 is a test method that explains the guidelines, requirements and test procedures of RECPs to protect earthen channels from stormwater-induced erosion. This test method covers full-scale testing procedures and is designed for typical conditions observed at construction project sites during the ending period of earthwork activities and before applying vegetation. Therefore, this test method is confined to unvegetated conditions and gives a relative assessment of an RECP application to bare soil conditions under controlled and documented conditions. The equipment for this test method includes water delivery system, water source, survey apparatus, velocity probe, earthwork equipment, geotechnical testing equipment, vegetative stand qualification equipment, photographic equipment, and meteorological equipment (wind speed, temperature, precipitation). The performance of an RECP in decreasing stormwater water-induced erosion is calculated by testing the material in simulated stormwater flow in controlled and documented environmental conditions. The major components to be reported in this testing process are calibration of stormwater simulation, test channel preparation, documentation of RECP, installation of RECP, installation of vegetation stand, test execution, collection of hydraulic, topographical and relative data, and data analysis.
Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Erosion Control Blankets (ASTM D6475)
ASTM D6475 is an index test method to measure mass per unit area of all ECBs. The equipment for this test method includes weighing balance with a capacity of weighing to an accuracy of 0.0035 oz. (0.1g), drying oven, corrosion resistant specimen trays, and container handling apparatus such as gloves, tongs, or suitable holder to handle hot trays after drying. The mass of the specimen tray (Mc) is recorded to the nearest 0.1g. The specimen is placed on the specimen tray, and it is placed in a drying oven with a temperature of 122 ± 41°F (50 ± 5°C). The time needed to get constant mass will vary according to the material type, specimen size, moisture content of specimen before the test, and other factors. After drying the specimen in the oven, the specimen tray is removed. The mass of the dried specimen along with the tray (Mt) is measured within 5 min after removing them from the oven. The mass of the specimen (Ms) is the difference between the mass of the dried specimen along with the tray and the mass of the specimen tray. The mass per unit area (m) is calculated with the area of the specimen(A) and mass of the specimen. Type of tested ECB used, sampling method used, size and size of the test specimen, number of tested specimens, average mass per unit area, and standard deviation are included in the report.
Standard Test Method for Measuring Nominal Thickness of Rolled Erosion Control Products (ASTM D6525/D6525M)
ASTM D6525 is a test method to measure the nominal thickness of RECPs. This test method cannot give thickness for RECPs that are under variable compressive stresses and determine minimal thickness. The equipment required includes thickness testing instrument, cutting dies and scissors. The measuring scale should be calibrated to zero before conducting the test. The specimen is placed on the base under the presser foot. After the presser foot contact the specimen, the pressure should be increased slowly to 0.029 psi (0.2 kPa) and applied for 5 seconds on the specimen. The thickness should be recorded to the nearest to 0.001 in. (0.0025mm). RECP type, sampling method used, description of thickness apparatus, the dimension of presser foot, number of tests conducted, loading time interval, average nominal thickness, and coefficient of variation should be included in the report.
Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass Per Unit Area of Turf Reinforcement Mats (ASTM D6566)
ASTM D6566 is an index test method to measure the mass per unit area of turf reinforcement mats (TRMs). The equipment required for this test method includes a balance that is calibrated to 0.0003 oz. (0.01g). The test should be conducted in standard atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 65 ± 10 % relative humidity. The test specimens of known dimensions that are cut from equally spaced distances over the width of the TRM sample should weighed, and mass per unit area is calculated. Type of TRM tested, used sampling method, size of the test specimen, shape, number of specimens tested, average mass per unit area, and standard deviation to three significant figures should be included.
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Light Penetration of a Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP) (ASTM D6567)
ASTM D6567 is a test method that measures the amount of radiant light penetrating through an RECP. This test method does not give light penetration values under normal sunlight and soil conditions. The equipment includes light penetration box, adjustable rod with a light bulb, light meter, and cutting dies. This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. The light penetration of RECPs is measured by a light meter in foot candles. The nominal light penetration in the box should be measured with and without placing the specimen at a specific location between the light source and light meter. Measured light meter readings before and after putting the specimen in the box can be used to calculate the percentage of light penetration. Type of tested RECP, sampling, specimen size, number of tests, type of light source, average nominal light penetration percentage, and coefficient of variation should be reported
Standard Test Method for Determining Stiffness of Geosynthetics Used as Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs) (ASTM D6575/D6575M)
ASTM D6575 is a test method that measures flexural rigidity of TRMs. The equipment includes stiffness tester that contains a horizontal platform, indicator, metal bar weight, and a scale and pointer. This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. The TRM test specimen is placed on the horizontal platform with weight on top it. By clasping the load on the horizontal plane, the specimen along with the weight is moved gradually until the front end of the specimen extends past the platform edge. The length of overhang is measured when the overhang makes an angle of 41.5°. The bending length is half of the overhang length. Flexural rigidity is obtained by multiplying the quantity and mass per unit area of the test specimen.
Standard Test Method for Ultimate Tensile Properties of Rolled Erosion Control Products (ASTM D6818)
ASTM D6818 is a test method to determine the tensile properties of RECPs by strip test procedures. The test method does not cover RECPs that are made of composite materials. The equipment includes a tensile testing machine of CRE type, and clamps and jaw faces. This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. The test specimen is fixed in a tensile testing machine, and a force is exerted on the specimen until it breaks. Force at breaking point and elongation values of the test specimen are recorded. Average breaking unit force per unit width and average elongation of acceptable specimens, and the number of specimens should be reported.
Standard Index Test Method for Determination of Unvegetated Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP) Ability to Protect Soil from Rain Splash and Associated Runoff Under Bench-Scale Conditions (ASTM D7101)
ASTM D7101 is an index test method which describes the guidelines, requirements and test procedures for determining the potential of unvegetated RECPs to preserve soils from simulated rainfall and minimal runoff-induced erosion. This index test method uses bench-scale testing procedures and does not imply unvegetated RECPs performance in the field. The equipment includes rainfall simulator, soil cores, incline structure, collection buckets, filters, sieve set (standard US service), evaporating dishes, drying oven, and balance. Both bare and unvegetated RECP-protected soil containers are subjected to a simulated rainfall. The amount of soil displaced by runoff from the containers is collected and weighed. The results can be used to discuss the difference between bare and unvegetated RECP-protected conditions. The major components are rainfall simulation equipment calibration; test core preparation; RECP documentation and installation; test completion; and data analysis. Bench-scale index (BSCI) is reported by calculating the mean mass of soil loss from RECP protected cores (MRECP) per mean mass of soil loss from unprotected control cores (MCONTROL)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Product (ECP) Ability to Encourage Seed Germination and Plant Growth Under Bench-Scale Conditions (ASTM D7322/D7322M)
ASTM D7322 is an index test method which describes the guidelines, requirements and test procedures for estimating the effect of Erosion Control Products (ECP) on seed germination and vegetation enhancement in a controlled environment. ECPs include RECPs and HECPs. This test method uses bench-scale testing procedures and does not imply performance on the field. The equipment comprises germination containers, controlled environmental chamber, photometer, thermometer, hygrometer, weighing balance, and drying oven. The seeds are planted on the soil containers, and then covered with ECPs. On the other hand, soil containers are just planted with seeds and left exposed. Light, temperature, and humidity at the testing place are recorded. The growth of vegetation on ECP covered soil containers, and uncovered containers are recorded at regular intervals. Seed germination and average plant height of each ECP (RECP) are calculated
Standard Test Method for Determining the (in-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic using a Constant Head (ASTM D4716/ D4716M)
ASTM D4716 is an index test method to find the flow rate per unit width of geosynthetics under differing normal compressive stress and a constant head. This test method can also be used as a performance test when the user chooses hydraulic gradients and specimen contact surfaces to design based on expected field conditions. The equipment for this test includes a constant head (in-plane) flow rate testing device that consists of a reservoir, loading mechanism, outflow weir, outflow collection, rubber substrate/ superstrate, thickness monitoring device, manometers, and thermometer calipers. Figure 2.105 show an in plane water flow testing device. The flow rate per unit width is calculated by the quantity of water that flows through the test specimen in a specific time interval under specific normal stress and a hydraulic gradient.
Standard Practice for Determining the Specification Conformance of Geosynthetics (ASTM D4759)
ASTM D4759 is a practice that includes a procedure to find whether the properties of geosynthetics match standard specifications. This practice helps the purchaser to decide the legitimacy of geosynthetics’ properties based on the specs.
Standard Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples (ASTM D4873/4873M)
ASTM D4873 is a standard guide that delivers guidelines for identifying and packaging rolled geosynthetics by the manufacturer and for the storing and handling of geosynthetics by the user. The geosynthetics that are discussed in this guide are geotextiles, geogrids, geomembrane rolls, geonets, geocomposites, RECPs, and sediment retention devices. The components for each geosynthetic mentioned are packaging and identification, receiving and storing at the job site, on-site handling, and sample identification.
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Resiliency of Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs) (ASTM D6524)
ASTM D6524 is a test method that includes resiliency of TRMs after three cycles of loading at 100 psi (689 kPa) for 1 min per cycle. This test method only describes to find nominal resiliency and does not give resiliency values under variable compressible stresses. The equipment includes a thickness testing instrument. Figure 2.106 shows the equipment used in measuring the resiliency of TRMs This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 60 ± 10% relative humidity. Before beginning the test, the measuring device should be zeroed. The thickness Ti (inches) of the specimen is measured after exerting full force onto the specimen for five seconds. The thickness is estimated to the nearest 7.88E-5inch (0.002 mm). After calculating Ti, an average compressive load of 100psi (689 kPa) is exerted evenly on the specimen for three cycles with one minute loaded and one minute unloaded. After three cycles, the specimen should set to recover for at least 30 min. After 30 min, the thickness Tf (inches) is measured. The percentage of resiliency is calculated for each specimen.
Standard Test Method for Pore Size Characteristics of Geotextiles by Capillary Flow Test (ASTM D6767)
ASTM D6767 is a test method that describes finding the pore size distribution of geotextile filters. The pore sizes range from 3.28E-6 ft to 0.0032 ft (1 to 1000 µm). The equipment includes a clean gas pressure source, a pressure sensor, a closed filter holder, a metal punch, flow rate measurement sensors, an in-line fluid trap, appropriate fittings, a hose, connectors, piping, and a weighing balance. The pore size distribution of geotextile is calculated by analyzing gas flow rates of geotextiles by conducting dry and wet tests at identical pressures. The dry test is performed to find the resulting opening distribution of a geotextile, while the wet test is conducted after submerging the dry geotextile for one hour. Airflow rate versus pressure graph is plotted from the data obtained from the dry test, and a fluid-wet filter gas flow rate versus pressure graph is plotted from the data collected from the wet test. Increasing the pressure in minimal intervals can help in finding the flow contribution of small size pores.
Standard Test Method for Determining the Flow Rate of Water and Suspended Solids from a Geotextile Bag (ASTM 7701)
ASTM D7701 is a test method for evaluating the water flow rate and solids suspended in the geosynthetic permeable bag that is used for blocking dredged material. This test method describes two testing procedures (A, B) for measuring the amount of dredged material. The equipment for test A includes a wooden frame, a geotextile container, three aluminum pans, an integrated water sampler, two large containers, a stopwatch, a stirrer, dredged material, a crucible, membrane filter apparatus, and a vacuum pump. The equipment and material for test B includes a geotextile container, two plastic pans, a beaker, a stirrer, dredged material, and sediment-free water. In both procedures, a specific amount of sediment-laden water with dredged material allowed though a geotextile bag that is fitted to the equipment. The quantity of water and sediment passed through the geotextile bag is collected and measured at regular time intervals. The amount of sediment passed through the geotextile bag is considered as total suspended solids.
Standard Test Method for Static Puncture Strength of Geotextiles and Geotextile-Related Products Using a 50-mm Probe (ASTM D6241)
ASTM D6241 is an index test method to determine the force required to puncture a geotextile and geotextile-related products. The use of a large-sized plunger to puncture gives a multidirectional force on the geotextile. This test method requires a CRE testing machine with an autographic recorder, plunger with flat diameter of 1.9685 ± 0.04 inches (50 ± 1 mm) with a radial edge of 0.98 ± 0.019 inches (2.5 ± 0.5 mm), and clamping apparatus with an internal diameter of 5.9 in. (150mm) and an external diameter of 9.8 in. (250 mm). This test method requires atmospheric conditions of 70 ± 4 °F (21 ± 2 °C) and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. The geotextile specimen is fixed without tension between circular plates and placed in the testing machine. A force is applied to the center of the unsupported area of the specimen by a steel plunger that is attached to a load indicator until rupture. The maximum force is considered as puncture strength. Method of holding the test specimen in the circular plates should be mentioned. Average puncture strength of tested specimens should be reported.
Standard Specification for Geosynthetic Specifications for Highway Applications (AASHTO M288)
AASHTO M288 is a standard specification for geosynthetic products used for highway applications. The requirements included for geosynthetic products used in subsurface drainage, separation, stabilization, erosion control, temporary silt fence, paving fabric and reinforcing soil (walls and slopes). The geosynthetics are required to meet the physical, mechanical, and endurance properties included in the specification. This standard also specifies product certification process, sampling, testing, and acceptance; instructions for product identification, shipment, and storage.
Standard Practice for Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of Water (ASTM D2035)
ASTM D2035 is a practice that describes a procedure for assessing the treatment to decrease dissolved, suspended, colloidal, and non-settling matter from water or wastewater by chemical coagulation-flocculation. The chemical coagulation-flocculation test is used to find the chemicals, dosages, and conditions needed to achieve ideal results. This practice can also be used for estimating color, turbidity, and hardness reduction. The equipment includes multiple stirrers, jars (or breaker), reagent racks, hand-held high-speed mixer, pipets, and pipet filler. The major components inspected using this practice are chemical additives, pH, temperature, the order of addition and mixing conditions.
Standard Practice for Performing Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-Filtration Test in Water (ASTM D4188)
ASTM D4188 is a standard practice that describes a test procedure to execute pressure in-line coagulation-flocculation-filtration of water and wastewater. This practice helps in finding the efficiency of coagulants or flocculants or both and filter medium to in separating the suspended solids from wastewater. The coagulation-flocculation-filtration process is appropriate for water and wastewater with low suspended solids (0.004 oz./gal [30 mg/l]). This practice is suitable for any sized filter that is larger than 4 in. (100 mm) in diameter. The equipment includes a typical Pressure In-Line Coagulation-Flocculation-Filtration System. A flocculant or coagulant, or both, is mixed with the pressurized water in the filtration system. Therefore, the formed floc can be separated and removed by using the filter medium. The efficiency of the filtration system can be calculated by observing the quality of the filter effluent. The percentage of raw water transformation to the clarified water can be calculated with the volume of water obtained from service run to the total amount of raw water.
Standard Test Method for Determining Water Holding Capacity of Fiber Mulches for Hydraulic Planting (ASTM D7367)
ASTM D7367 is a test method to determine water holding capacity of fiber mulches, including wood, paper, and agriculturally obtained and mixed fiber mulches used for hydraulic planting. The equipment includes a sieve pan with 8 inches (203.2 mm) diameter and 0.09 inch (2.36 mm) sieve size, large mixing bowl, electronic scale or balance scale with an accuracy of 0.0035 oz. (0.01g), baking pan or tray of 18 inches × 11 inches (457 mm × 279 mm) for draining, and mixer with dough kneader that has a capacity of 60 to 90 rpm. The test specimen should be weighed after conditioning and re-weighing, and after soaking in distilled water. The percentage of water holding capacity is calculated as the difference between the weight of the sieve, pan and saturated mulch (K), and sieve, pan and dry mulch (X) per difference between the weight of sieve and pan (X) and dry mulch, and sieve and pan (Y). Percentage of water holding capacity, average, and standard deviation are reported.
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fiber Length Percentages in Hydraulic Erosion Control Products (HECPs) (ASTM D7560)
ASTM D7560 is a test method that describes the requirements and testing procedures to find the fiber length of hydraulic erosion control products (HECPs). The equipment for this test method includes a balance, sieve shaker, sieve frame, and a standard sieve set. A specific amount of fiber is weighed and placed on the top sieve screen of the sieve stack. The sieve stack is placed into the sieve shaker machine. After shaking for five minutes, the sieve stack is removed, and the amount of the fiber accumulated on each sieve screen is weighed. Therefore, the percentage of mass retained on each pan to the total mass is calculated.
Standard Practice for Preparing Specimens of Hydraulic Erosion Control Products for Index Property Testing (ASTM D7986)
ASTM D7986 is a standard practice that describes instructions for preparing samples of HECPs. The equipment and materials include a baking pan, a stand mixer, a drying oven, a balance, graduated cylinders, a timing device, test fluid, a metal pipe, a plastic spatula, scissors or cutting dies, zip-top bags, and cooking spray. The dry HECPs are blended with water at a predetermined mixing rate. The HECP blend is spread across sheet metal pan at an intended application rate. The mixture is dried and cut into sizes for index property tests.
Determination of Fiber Length Percentages in Wood Strand Mulch (WSDOT T125)
WSDOT T125 is a test method designed by the Washington State Department of Transportation to find the percentage by mass of fiber strands in a wood strand mulch sample. The equipment includes a weighing balance and a measuring device. Individual fiber strands are separated from the sample of wood strand mulch, and length, width, and mass of each fiber strand are measured. After measuring, the strands are divided into two groups: strands satisfying the requirements (S) and strands not satisfying the requirements (N). The percentage of fiber stands satisfying the requirements (P) is calculated.
Standard Test Method for Determining Filtering Efficiency and Flow Rate of the Filtration Component of a Sediment Retention Device (ASTM D5141)
ASTM D5141 is a test method to find the filtering efficiency and the flow rate of the filtration component of sediment retention devices (SRDs) such as silt fences, silt barriers, or inlet protectors. The filtering efficiency shows the percent of sediment separated from sediment-laden water. The flow rate is the average passage rate of the sediment-laden water through a sediment retention device. The soil used in the test can be site-specific or should attribute the quality of target default gradation. The equipment for this test includes flume, inlet extension, sample cutter, integrated water sampler, two containers, stopwatch, stirrer, sediment-free water, Gooch crucible, membrane filter apparatus, vacuum pump, aluminum or stainless steel planchet, desiccator, and analytical balance. The specimen of SRD is fixed vertically across the flume while the sediment-laden water is discharged through the specimen. The time taken for water to pass and the amount of soil passed through the specimen should be measured. The amount of soil retained, filtering efficiency, and flow rate are determined from the measured values. The filtering efficiency is reported in percentage and flow rate units in gal/ft2/min(m3/m2/min). The number of specimens used, type and physical properties of soil, the temperature of the water, time taken for the test, suspended solid contents, and filtering efficiencies should be reported.
Standard Test Method for Determination of Temporary Ditch Check Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion (ASTM D7208)
ASTM D7208 is a test method that describes the guidelines, requirements, and testing procedures for assessing the potential of temporary ditch check systems used to safeguard earthen channels from stormwater erosion. The equipment includes a test channel, water delivery system, total station system, velocity probe, meteorological equipment, and camera or video recorders. The performance of temporary ditch checks in decreasing stormwater-induced erosion can be deduced by allowing the material to a simulated stormwater flow in controlled and documented conditions. The major components in the testing process are stormwater simulation equipment calculation; test channel preparation; temporary ditch checks documentation and installation; test performance; and hydraulic, topographical and relative data collection and data analysis.
Standard Test Method for Determination of Sediment Retention Device Effectiveness in Sheet Flow Applications (ASTM D7351)
ASTM D7351 is a test method that describes the guidelines, requirements, and testing procedure for assessing the potential of sediment retention devices (SRDs) that block the sediment that is left to sediment-laden sheet flow water. The equipment and material for this test method includes a combination mixing tank and scale, a clean water source and pumping equipment, a soil stockpile, a loader, a variable discharge apparatus, soil, water sampling equipment, excavating/ compacting machinery, a scaled collection system, retention area, and a collection tank. After setting up the equipment for the test method, the sediment-laden sheet flow water in the form of sheet flow is passed through SRD. The flow at the upstream and downstream size of the SRD is quantified. The efficiency of the SRD is calculated by comparing the amount of sediment that passed through the SRD to the sediment amount in the upstream flow.
Standard Practice for Compost for Erosion/ Sediment Control (Filter Berms and Filter Socks) (AASHTO R 51)
AASHTO R51 is a standard specification for the compost used in filter berms and filter socks. This requirement is applicable for the filter and filter socks that are used on the slopes up to 2H:1V, level surfaces, and in the areas that have sheet flow drainage patterns. This specification includes chemical, physical and biological parameters for compost; field installation instructions for filter socks and filter berms; testing methods for compost; and instructions for sampling, inspection, packing, and marking of samples.
Standard Practice for Compost Erosion/ Sediment Control (Compost Blankets) (AASHTO R 52)
AASHTO R52 is a standard specification for the compost used as a surface mulch on sloped areas. This requirement is suitable for the compost used on slopes up to 2H:1V, the areas that have sheet flow drainage patterns, and on the slopes up to 1H:1V with suitable slope length and compost application rates. This specification includes chemical, physical and biological parameters for compost; field installation instructions for compost blankets on slopes; testing methods for compost; and instructions for sampling, inspection, packing, and marking of samples.